When people think about liver disease, alcohol is often the first thing that comes to mind. While heavy drinking is a well-known cause of liver damage, it is far from the only factor. In fact, many people who develop liver problems drink little or no alcohol at all. Conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), viral hepatitis, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications can also damage the liver. Understanding these lesser-known causes can help you take steps to protect your liver health before irreversible damage occurs.

Understanding the Liver’s Role

The liver is a powerhouse organ that performs more than 500 vital functions. It filters toxins from the blood, produces bile for digestion, stores vitamins and minerals, regulates cholesterol, and processes medications. Because the liver has such a central role in metabolism and detoxification, any damage can have wide-ranging effects on your overall health, from digestion to energy levels.

Surprising Causes of Liver Disease

1. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

NAFLD is now one of the most common liver conditions worldwide due to rising rates of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. It occurs when fat accumulates in liver cells in people who drink little to no alcohol. If left untreated, NAFLD can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and eventually cirrhosis.

Prevention tip: Maintain a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise. Monitor blood sugar and cholesterol levels, especially if you have diabetes or metabolic syndrome.

2. Viral Hepatitis

Hepatitis B and C infections are major contributors to liver disease globally and in Asia. These viruses attack the liver and can lead to chronic inflammation, cirrhosis, and even liver cancer if untreated. Many people are unaware they are infected because symptoms can be mild or absent in the early stages.

Prevention tip: Get screened if you are at risk. Vaccines are available for hepatitis A and B. Practicing safe hygiene and avoiding sharing needles or personal grooming tools can reduce the risk of transmission.

3. Autoimmune Liver Disease

Autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks the liver or bile ducts. Over time, this can lead to scarring and liver failure. These diseases are not preventable but can often be managed with early medical intervention.

Prevention tip: Pay attention to unexplained fatigue, jaundice, or itching, and seek medical attention promptly if you notice these symptoms.

4. Medications and Supplements

Certain prescription drugs, over-the-counter painkillers, and even herbal supplements can cause liver damage if overused or taken in high doses. Acetaminophen (paracetamol), for example, is safe at recommended doses but toxic in large amounts.

Prevention tip: Always follow dosing instructions, inform your doctor about all supplements you take, and avoid unnecessary self-medication.

5. Genetic and Metabolic Disorders

Some inherited conditions, such as hemochromatosis (excess iron storage) and Wilson’s disease (copper accumulation), can damage the liver over time. These disorders often go undiagnosed until symptoms like fatigue, joint pain, or jaundice appear.

Prevention tip: If you have a family history of liver disease, discuss screening options with a healthcare professional.

6. Poor Lifestyle Habits

A sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and diets high in processed foods and sugar contribute to liver fat accumulation and chronic inflammation. Over time, this can lead to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).

Prevention tip: Incorporate daily physical activity, stop smoking, and prioritise nutrient-rich whole foods in your meals.

Symptoms That Shouldn’t Be Ignored

Liver disease often progresses silently, but some warning signs may indicate that something is wrong:

• Persistent fatigue and weakness
• Unexplained weight loss
• Yellowing of the eyes or skin (jaundice)
• Itchy skin
• Swelling in the legs or abdomen
• Dark urine or pale stools
• Easy bruising or bleeding

If you notice these symptoms, seek medical attention from gastroenterologists like Dr Fernandes Mark Lee for proper evaluation. Early detection can prevent complications and help preserve liver function.

Supporting Your Liver Health

Taking care of your liver involves a holistic approach that goes beyond simply avoiding alcohol. A healthy lifestyle, mindful eating, and routine monitoring can go a long way in protecting this vital organ.

• Eat a balanced diet: Focus on nutrient-dense foods like vegetables, fruits, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats. Include foods rich in antioxidants, such as berries, leafy greens, and nuts, to help reduce oxidative stress on the liver. Limit processed foods, sugary drinks, and fried meals, as these can contribute to fat buildup in the liver.
• Stay active: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week, such as brisk walking, cycling, or swimming. Regular physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight and reduces the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
• Limit alcohol intake: Even small amounts of alcohol can stress the liver over time. If you drink, keep it within recommended limits and incorporate alcohol-free days into your week.
• Get vaccinated: Protect yourself against viral hepatitis A and B, which can cause significant liver damage. This is especially important if you travel to regions where hepatitis is common.
• Monitor medications and supplements: Overuse of painkillers, certain antibiotics, or herbal remedies can put a strain on the liver. Always follow dosing instructions and inform your doctor about all supplements you take.
• Stay hydrated: Drinking enough water supports the liver’s natural detoxification processes and helps maintain optimal function.
• Schedule regular checkups: Routine liver function tests and health screenings can detect potential problems before they become serious, allowing for timely intervention.

By making these small but consistent changes, you can protect your liver’s long-term health and lower your risk of developing chronic conditions.

Conclusion

Liver disease is not just a concern for heavy drinkers. Conditions such as NAFLD, hepatitis, autoimmune disorders, and medication-related toxicity are increasingly common and often remain silent until they become severe. Awareness, early detection, and preventive habits can make a significant difference in long-term health outcomes.

Individuals with persistent symptoms or known risk factors should seek medical attention from gastroenterologists, such as Dr Fernandes Mark Lee, to identify underlying causes and begin appropriate treatment. Proactive care and lifestyle choices can protect your liver and keep it functioning optimally for years to come.